Validating Input
================

As a rule of thumb, you should never trust the data received from end users and should always validate it
before putting it to good use.

Given a [model](structure-models.md) populated with user inputs, you can validate the inputs by calling the
[[yii\base\Model::validate()]] method. The method will return a boolean value indicating whether the validation
succeeded or not. If not, you may get the error messages from the [[yii\base\Model::errors]] property. For example,

```php
$model = new \app\models\ContactForm;

// populate model attributes with user inputs
$model->attributes = \Yii::$app->request->post('ContactForm');

if ($model->validate()) {
    // all inputs are valid
} else {
    // validation failed: $errors is an array containing error messages
    $errors = $model->errors;
}
```


## Declaring Rules <a name="declaring-rules"></a>

To make `validate()` really work, you should declare validation rules for the attributes you plan to validate.
This should be done by overriding the [[yii\base\Model::rules()]] method. The following example shows how
the validation rules for the `ContactForm` model are declared:

```php
public function rules()
{
    return [
        // the name, email, subject and body attributes are required
        [['name', 'email', 'subject', 'body'], 'required'],

        // the email attribute should be a valid email address
        ['email', 'email'],
    ];
}
```

The [[yii\base\Model::rules()|rules()]] method should return an array of rules, each of which is an array
of the following format:

```php
[
    // required, specifies which attributes should be validated by this rule.
    // For a single attribute, you can use the attribute name directly
    // without having it in an array
    ['attribute1', 'attribute2', ...],

    // required, specifies the type of this rule.
    // It can be a class name, validator alias, or a validation method name
    'validator',

    // optional, specifies in which scenario(s) this rule should be applied
    // if not given, it means the rule applies to all scenarios
    // You may also configure the "except" option if you want to apply the rule
    // to all scenarios except the listed ones
    'on' => ['scenario1', 'scenario2', ...],

    // optional, specifies additional configurations for the validator object
    'property1' => 'value1', 'property2' => 'value2', ...
]
```

For each rule you must specify at least which attributes the rule applies to and what is the type of the rule.
You can specify the rule type in one of the following forms:

* the alias of a core validator, such as `required`, `in`, `date`, etc. Please refer to
  the [Core Validators](tutorial-core-validators.md) for the complete list of core validators.
* the name of a validation method in the model class, or an anonymous function. Please refer to the
  [Inline Validators](#inline-validators) subsection for more details.
* a fully qualified validator class name. Please refer to the [Standalone Validators](#standalone-validators)
  subsection for more details.

A rule can be used to validate one or multiple attributes, and an attribute may be validated by one or multiple rules.
A rule may be applied in certain [scenarios](structure-models.md#scenarios) only by specifying the `on` option.
If you do not specify an `on` option, it means the rule will be applied to all scenarios.

When the `validate()` method is called, it does the following steps to perform validation:

1. Determine which attributes should be validated by getting the attribute list from [[yii\base\Model::scenarios()]]
   using the current [[yii\base\Model::scenario|scenario]]. These attributes are called *active attributes*.
2. Determine which validation rules should be used by getting the rule list from [[yii\base\Model::rules()]]
   using the current [[yii\base\Model::scenario|scenario]]. These rules are called *active rules*.
3. Use each active rule to validate each active attribute which is associated with the rule.
   The validation rules are evaluated in the order they are listed.
   
According to the above validation steps, an attribute will be validated if and only if it is
an active attribute declared in `scenarios()` and is associated with one or multiple active rules
declared in `rules()`.


### Customizing Error Messages <a name="customizing-error-messages"></a>

Most validators have default error messages that will be added to the model being validated when its attributes
fail the validation. For example, the [[yii\validators\RequiredValidator|required]] validator will add
a message "Username cannot be blank." to a model when the `username` attribute fails the rule using this validator.

You can customize the error message of a rule by specifying the `message` property when declaring the rule,
like the following,

```php
public function rules()
{
    return [
        ['username', 'required', 'message' => 'Please choose a username.'],
    ];
}
```

Some validators may support additional error messages to more precisely describe different causes of
validation failures. For example, the [[yii\validators\NumberValidator|number]] validator supports
[[yii\validators\NumberValidator::tooBig|tooBig]] and [[yii\validators\NumberValidator::tooSmall|tooSmall]]
to describe the validation failure when the value being validated is too big and too small, respectively.
You may configure these error messages like configuring other properties of validators in a validation rule.


### Validation Events <a name="validation-events"></a>

When [[yii\base\Model::validate()]] is called, it will call two methods that you may override to customize
the validation process:

* [[yii\base\Model::beforeValidate()]]: the default implementation will trigger a [[yii\base\Model::EVENT_BEFORE_VALIDATE]]
  event. You may either override this method or respond to this event to do some preprocessing work
  (e.g. normalizing data inputs) before the validation occurs. The method should return a boolean value indicating
  whether the validation should proceed or not.
* [[yii\base\Model::afterValidate()]]: the default implementation will trigger a [[yii\base\Model::EVENT_AFTER_VALIDATE]]
  event. You may either override this method or respond to this event to do some postprocessing work after
  the validation is completed.


### Conditional Validation <a name="conditional-validation"></a>

To validate attributes only when certain conditions apply, e.g. the validation of one attribute depends
on the value of another attribute you can use the [[yii\validators\Validator::when|when]] property
to define such conditions. For example,

```php
[
    ['state', 'required', 'when' => function($model) {
        return $model->country == 'USA';
    }],
]
```

The [[yii\validators\Validator::when|when]] property takes a PHP callable with the following signature:

```php
/**
 * @param Model $model the model being validated
 * @param string $attribute the attribute being validated
 * @return boolean whether the rule should be applied
 */
function ($model, $attribute)
```

If you also need to support client-side conditional validation, you should configure
the [[yii\validators\Validator::whenClient|whenClient]] property which takes a string representing a JavaScript
function whose return value determines whether to apply the rule or not. For example,

```php
[
    ['state', 'required', 'when' => function ($model) {
        return $model->country == 'USA';
    }, 'whenClient' => "function (attribute, value) {
        return $('#country').val() == 'USA';
    }"],
]
```


### Data Filtering <a name="data-filtering"></a>

User inputs often need to be filtered or preprocessed. For example, you may want to trim the spaces around the
`username` input. You may use validation rules to achieve this goal.

The following examples shows how to trim the spaces in the inputs and turn empty inputs into nulls by using
the [trim](tutorial-core-validators.md#trim) and [default](tutorial-core-validators.md#default) core validators:

```php
[
    [['username', 'email'], 'trim'],
    [['username', 'email'], 'default'],
]
```

You may also use the more general [filter](tutorial-core-validators.md#filter) validator to perform more complex
data filtering.

As you can see, these validation rules do not really validate the inputs. Instead, they will process the values
and save them back to the attributes being validated.


### Handling Empty Inputs <a name="handling-empty-inputs"></a>

When input data are submitted from HTML forms, you often need to assign some default values to the inputs
if they are empty. You can do so by using the [default](tutorial-core-validators.md#default) validator. For example,

```php
[
    // set "username" and "email" as null if they are empty
    [['username', 'email'], 'default'],

    // set "level" to be 1 if it is empty
    ['level', 'default', 'value' => 1],
]
```

By default, an input is considered empty if its value is an empty string, an empty array or a null.
You may customize the default empty detection logic by configuring the the [[yii\validators\Validator::isEmpty]] property
with a PHP callable. For example,

```php
[
    ['agree', 'required', 'isEmpty' => function ($value) {
        return empty($value);
    }],
]
```

> Note: Most validators do not handle empty inputs if their [[yii\base\Validator::skipOnEmpty]] property takes
  the default value true. They will simply be skipped during validation if their associated attributes receive empty
  inputs. Among the [core validators](tutorial-core-validators.md), only the `captcha`, `default`, `filter`,
  `required`, and `trim` validators will handle empty inputs.


## Ad Hoc Validation <a name="ad-hoc-validation"></a>

Sometimes you need to do *ad hoc validation* for values that are not bound to any model.

If you only need to perform one type of validation (e.g. validating email addresses), you may call
the [[yii\validators\Validator::validate()|validate()]] method of the desired validator, like the following:

```php
$email = 'test@example.com';
$validator = new yii\validators\EmailValidator();

if ($validator->validate($email, $error)) {
    echo 'Email is valid.';
} else {
    echo $error;
}
```

> Note: Not all validators support this type of validation. An example is the [unique](tutorial-core-validators.md#unique)
  core validator which is designed to work with a model only.

If you need to perform multiple validations against several values, you can use [[yii\base\DynamicModel]]
which supports declaring both attributes and rules on the fly. Its usage is like the following:

```php
public function actionSearch($name, $email)
{
    $model = DynamicModel::validateData(compact('name', 'email'), [
        [['name', 'email'], 'string', 'max' => 128],
        ['email', 'email'],
    ]);

    if ($model->hasErrors()) {
        // validation fails
    } else {
        // validation succeeds
    }
}
```

The [[yii\base\DynamicModel::validateData()]] method creates an instance of `DynamicModel`, defines the attributes
using the given data (`name` and `email` in this example), and then calls [[yii\base\Model::validate()]]
with the given rules.

Alternatively, you may use the following more "classic" syntax to perform ad hoc data validation:

```php
public function actionSearch($name, $email)
{
    $model = new DynamicModel(compact('name', 'email'));
    $model->addRule(['name', 'email'], 'string', ['max' => 128])
        ->addRule('email', 'email')
        ->validate();

    if ($model->hasErrors()) {
        // validation fails
    } else {
        // validation succeeds
    }
}
```

After validation, you can check if the validation succeeded or not by calling the
[[yii\base\DynamicModel::hasErrors()|hasErrors()]] method, and then get the validation errors from the
[[yii\base\DynamicModel::errors|errors]] property, like you do with a normal model.
You may also access the dynamic attributes defined through the model instance, e.g.,
`$model->name` and `$model->email`.


## Creating Validators <a name="creating-validators"></a>

Besides using the [core validators](tutorial-core-validators.md) included in the Yii releases, you may also
create your own validators. You may create inline validators or standalone validators.


### Inline Validators <a name="inline-validators"></a>

An inline validator is one defined in terms of a model method or an anonymous function. The signature of
the method/function is:

```php
/**
 * @param string $attribute the attribute currently being validated
 * @param array $params the additional name-value pairs given in the rule
 */
function ($attribute, $params)
```

If an attribute fails the validation, the method/function should call [[yii\base\Model::addError()]] to save
the error message in the model so that it can be retrieved back later to present to end users.

Below are some examples:

```php
use yii\base\Model;

class MyForm extends Model
{
    public $country;
    public $token;

    public function rules()
    {
        return [
            // an inline validator defined as the model method validateCountry()
            ['country', 'validateCountry'],

            // an inline validator defined as an anonymous function
            ['token', function ($attribute, $params) {
                if (!ctype_alnum($this->$attribute)) {
                    $this->addError($attribute, 'The token must contain letters or digits.');
                }
            }],
        ];
    }

    public function validateCountry($attribute, $params)
    {
        if (!in_array($this->$attribute, ['USA', 'Web'])) {
            $this->addError($attribute, 'The country must be either "USA" or "Web".');
        }
    }
}
```

> Note: By default, inline validators will not be applied if their associated attributes receive empty inputs
  or if they have already failed some validation rules. If you want to make sure a rule is always applied,
  you may configure the [[yii\validators\Validator::skipOnEmpty|skipOnEmpty]] and/or [[yii\validators\Validator::skipOnError|skipOnError]]
  properties to be false in the rule declarations. For example:
>
> ```php
> [
>     ['country', 'validateCountry', 'skipOnEmpty' => false, 'skipOnError' => false],
> ]
> ```


### Standalone Validators <a name="standalone-validators"></a>

A standalone validator is a class extending [[yii\validators\Validator]] or its child class. You may implement
its validation logic by overriding the [[yii\validators\Validator::validateAttribute()]] method. If an attribute
fails the validation, call [[yii\base\Model::addError()]] to save the error message in the model, like you do
with [inline validators](#inline-validators). For example,

```php
namespace app\components;

use yii\validators\Validator;

class CountryValidator extends Validator
{
    public function validateAttribute($model, $attribute)
    {
        if (!in_array($model->$attribute, ['USA', 'Web'])) {
            $this->addError($model, $attribute, 'The country must be either "USA" or "Web".');
        }
    }
}
```

If you want your validator to support validating a value without a model, you should also override
[[yii\validators\Validator::validate()]]. You may also override [[yii\validators\Validator::validateValue()]]
instead of `validateAttribute()` and `validate()` because by default the latter two methods are implemented
by calling `validateValue()`.


## Client-Side Validation <a name="client-side-validation"></a>

Client-side validation based on JavaScript is desirable when end users provide inputs via HTML forms, because
it allows users to find out input errors faster and thus provides a better user experience. You may use or implement
a validator that supports client-side validation *in addition to* server-side validation.

> Info: While client-side validation is desirable, it is not a must. Its main purpose is to provide users with a better
  experience. Similar to input data coming from end users, you should never trust client-side validation. For this reason,
  you should always perform server-side validation by calling [[yii\base\Model::validate()]], as
  described in the previous subsections.


### Using Client-Side Validation <a name="using-client-side-validation"></a>

Many [core validators](tutorial-core-validators.md) support client-side validation out-of-the-box. All you need to do
is just use [[yii\widgets\ActiveForm]] to build your HTML forms. For example, `LoginForm` below declares two
rules: one uses the [required](tutorial-core-validators.md#required) core validator which is supported on both
client and server sides; the other uses the `validatePassword` inline validator which is only supported on the server
side.

```php
namespace app\models;

use yii\base\Model;
use app\models\User;

class LoginForm extends Model
{
    public $username;
    public $password;

    public function rules()
    {
        return [
            // username and password are both required
            [['username', 'password'], 'required'],

            // password is validated by validatePassword()
            ['password', 'validatePassword'],
        ];
    }

    public function validatePassword()
    {
        $user = User::findByUsername($this->username);

        if (!$user || !$user->validatePassword($this->password)) {
            $this->addError('password', 'Incorrect username or password.');
        }
    }
}
```

The HTML form built by the following code contains two input fields `username` and `password`.
If you submit the form without entering anything, you will find the error messages requiring you
to enter something appear right away without any communication with the server.

```php
<?php $form = yii\widgets\ActiveForm::begin(); ?>
    <?= $form->field($model, 'username') ?>
    <?= $form->field($model, 'password')->passwordInput() ?>
    <?= Html::submitButton('Login') ?>
<?php yii\widgets\ActiveForm::end(); ?>
```

Behind the scene, [[yii\widgets\ActiveForm]] will read the validation rules declared in the model
and generate appropriate JavaScript code for validators that support client-side validation. When a user
changes the value of an input field or submit the form, the client-side validation JavaScript will be triggered.

If you want to turn off client-side validation completely, you may configure the
[[yii\widgets\ActiveForm::enableClientValidation]] property to be false. You may also turn off client-side
validation of individual input fields by configuring their [[yii\widgets\ActiveField::enableClientValidation]]
property to be false.


### Implementing Client-Side Validation <a name="implementing-client-side-validation"></a>

To create a validator that supports client-side validation, you should implement the
[[yii\validators\Validator::clientValidateAttribute()]] method which returns a piece of JavaScript code
that performs the validation on the client side. Within the JavaScript code, you may use the following
predefined variables:

- `attribute`: the name of the attribute being validated.
- `value`: the value being validated.
- `messages`: an array used to hold the validation error messages for the attribute.
- `deferred`: an array which deferred objects can be pushed into (explained in the next subsection).

In the following example, we create a `StatusValidator` which validates if an input is a valid status input
against the existing status data. The validator supports both server side and client side validation.

```php
namespace app\components;

use yii\validators\Validator;
use app\models\Status;

class StatusValidator extends Validator
{
    public function init()
    {
        parent::init();
        $this->message = 'Invalid status input.';
    }

    public function validateAttribute($model, $attribute)
    {
        $value = $model->$attribute;
        if (!Status::find()->where(['id' => $value])->exists()) {
            $model->addError($attribute, $this->message);
        }
    }

    public function clientValidateAttribute($model, $attribute, $view)
    {
        $statuses = json_encode(Status::find()->select('id')->asArray()->column());
        $message = json_encode($this->message, JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES | JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE);
        return <<<JS
if (!$.inArray(value, $statuses)) {
    messages.push($message);
}
JS;
    }
}
```

> Tip: The above code is given mainly to demonstrate how to support client-side validation. In practice,
> you may use the [in](tutorial-core-validators.md#in) core validator to achieve the same goal. You may
> write the validation rule like the following:
>
> ```php
> [
>     ['status', 'in', 'range' => Status::find()->select('id')->asArray()->column()],
> ]
> ```

### Deferred Validation <a name="deferred-validation"></a>

If you need to perform asynchronous client-side validation, you can create [Deferred objects](http://api.jquery.com/category/deferred-object/).
For example, to perform a custom AJAX validation, you can use the following code:

```php
public function clientValidateAttribute($model, $attribute, $view)
{
    return <<<JS
        deferred.push($.get("/check", {value: value}).done(function(data) {
            if ('' !== data) {
                messages.push(data);
            }
        }));
JS;
}
```

In the above, the `deferred` variable is provided by Yii, which is an array of Deferred objects. The `$.get()`
jQuery method creates a Deferred object which is pushed to the `deferred` array.

You can also explicitly create a Deferred object and call its `resolve()` method when the asynchronous callback
is hit. The following example shows how to validate the dimensions of an uploaded image file on the client side.

```php
public function clientValidateAttribute($model, $attribute, $view)
{
    return <<<JS
        var def = $.Deferred();
        var img = new Image();
        img.onload = function() {
            if (this.width > 150) {
                messages.push('Image too wide!!');
            }
            def.resolve();
        }
        var reader = new FileReader();
        reader.onloadend = function() {
            img.src = reader.result;
        }
        reader.readAsDataURL(file);

        deferred.push(def);
JS;
}
```

> Note: The `resolve()` method must be called after the attribute has been validated. Otherwise the main form
  validation will not complete.

For simplicity, the `deferred` array is equipped with a shortcut method `add()` which automatically creates a Deferred
object and adds it to the `deferred` array. Using this method, you can simplify the above example as follows,

```php
public function clientValidateAttribute($model, $attribute, $view)
{
    return <<<JS
        deferred.add(function(def) {
            var img = new Image();
            img.onload = function() {
                if (this.width > 150) {
                    messages.push('Image too wide!!');
                }
                def.resolve();
            }
            var reader = new FileReader();
            reader.onloadend = function() {
                img.src = reader.result;
            }
            reader.readAsDataURL(file);
        });
JS;
}
```


### AJAX Validation <a name="ajax-validation"></a>

Some validations can only be done on the server side, because only the server has the necessary information.
For example, to validate if a username is unique or not, it is necessary to check the user table on the server side.
You can use AJAX-based validation in this case. It will trigger an AJAX request in the background to validate the
input while keeping the same user experience as the regular client-side validation.

To enable AJAX validation for the whole form, you have to set the
[[yii\widgets\ActiveForm::enableAjaxValidation]] property to be `true` and specify `id` to be a unique form identifier:

```php
<?php $form = yii\widgets\ActiveForm::begin([
    'id' => 'contact-form',
    'enableAjaxValidation' => true,
]); ?>
```

You may also turn AJAX validation on or off for individual input fields by configuring their
[[yii\widgets\ActiveField::enableAjaxValidation]] property.

You also need to prepare the server so that it can handle the AJAX validation requests.
This can be achieved by a code snippet like the following in the controller actions:

```php
if (Yii::$app->request->isAjax && $model->load(Yii::$app->request->post())) {
    Yii::$app->response->format = Response::FORMAT_JSON;
    return ActiveForm::validate($model);
}
```

The above code will check whether the current request is an AJAX. If yes, it will respond to
this request by running the validation and returning the errors in JSON format.

> Info: You can also use [Deferred Validation](#deferred-validation) to perform AJAX validation.
  However, the AJAX validation feature described here is more systematic and requires less coding effort.
